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ES&H
Manual Radiation Control Supplement |
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Chapter 6 – Training and
Qualification |
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All individuals shall be trained in radiation safety prior to being permitted unescorted access to Controlled Areas and prior to receiving occupational dose [§835.901(a)]. This chapter establishes the requirements to ensure that training is commensurate with the hazards and controls and to maintain the radiation exposures As-Low-As-Reasonably-Achievable (ALARA). Training requirements in this chapter apply to personnel who enter a Controlled Area, handle or work with radioactive materials or operate radiation generating devices at Jefferson Lab, including employees of the Department of Energy (DOE), subcontractors, service companies, other federal agencies, state and local governments, and visitors.
612-01)
Applicable portions of the DOE standardized core courses and
training materials should be used as the basis for radiological training at Jefferson
Lab. In addition, site-specific training
materials will be used to instruct and qualify personnel for radiological work at the Jefferson Lab
site.
612-02)
Radiological worker training not
specific to a given site or facility may be waived provided that:
a)
This training has been received at another DOE site or facility
within the past 2 years;
b)
There is provision of proof-of-training in the form of a
certification document containing the individual’s name, date of training, and
specific topics covered; and
c)
An appropriate official has certified the training of the
individual.
Training reciprocity is also contingent on completion of any
Jefferson Lab site-specific training modules and performance demonstration
requirements, and completion of a closed book written or oral exam.
612-03)
Pocket cards or other documentation that identifies current
Jefferson Lab training status will be provided on request to assist in training
reciprocity when traveling to other DOE facilities.
612-04)
The site Radiation Control Department (RCD) Manager or a designee
shall review and approve site-generated radiological training material.
612-05)
Radiation safety training shall include the following topics, to the
extent appropriate to each individual’s prior training, work assignments, and
degree of exposure to potential radiological hazards [§835.901(c)]:
a)
Risks of exposure to radiation and radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation
exposure;
b)
Basic radiological fundamentals and radiation protection
concepts;
c)
Physical design features, administrative controls, limits, policies,
procedures, alarms, and other measures implemented at the facility to manage doses
and maintain doses ALARA, including both routine and emergency actions;
d)
Individual rights and responsibilities as related to
implementation of the facility radiation protection program;
e)
Individual responsibilities for implementing ALARA
measures required by 10
CFR 835.101; and
f) Individual exposure reports that may be requested in accordance with 10 CFR 835.801.
It is the
responsibility of the worker and his or her supervisor to ensure that they have
scheduled appropriate radiation safety training
prior to performing work that requires such training.
613-01)
The knowledge of radiation safety possessed by radiological
workers shall be verified by successful completion of a
written examination and performance demonstrations [§835.901(b)]. Examinations should be used for General Employee
Radiological Training (GERT), and shall be used for Radiological
Worker I (RW I), Radiological Worker II (RW II), Assigned Radiation Monitor (ARM) and Radiological
Control Technologist (RCT) qualification to demonstrate satisfactory completion
of theoretical and classroom material.
Examinations should be written or computer based training examinations,
however alternatives may be used to accommodate special needs. The written examination process should ensure:
a)
A minimum passing score
for each training program be established
b)
That true/false
questions be avoided
c)
Use of questions
randomly selected from the question bank
d)
If challenging a
training course by exam, acknowledgment by signature that the student has
completed a course of self study prior to taking the exam
e)
Acknowledgment by
signature that the student participated in a post-examination review
f)
Remedial actions for
failure to meet the minimum score
g)
That questions be
selected to test what the student is expected to remember months after the
training rather than to test short-term memory of theoretical material.
613-02)
The initial performance
demonstration process should include/ensure:
a)
Identification of
specific performance elements that are related to the training objectives.
b)
A minimum passing score
for the performance demonstration to be established, and where appropriate,
identification of specific performance elements that must be satisfactorily
demonstrated.
c)
An opportunity for the
trainee to ask questions, practice, or otherwise prepare for the performance
demonstration.
d)
That given adequate
preparation opportunity, the trainee should not be coached by the instructor
during the performance demonstration.
e)
A simulation or mock-up
of a radiological
area or areas adequate to allow demonstration of the
required performance elements in a safe and controlled environment.
f)
Remedial actions for
failure to meet the minimum score.
613-03)
Training shall address
both normal and abnormal radiological situations. Retraining shall be provided when there is a
significant change to radiation protection policies
and procedures that affect general employees or radiological workers and shall be conducted at intervals not to exceed 24
months. Such training shall include
successful completion of an examination [§835.901(e)].
613-04)
GERT and Radiological
Worker Training shall be valid for 24 months. Changes to the program shall be incorporated
as they are identified and a decision made if retraining is needed prior to the
24-month period.
613-05)
Training shall include
changes in requirements and should include updates of relevant lessons learned
from operations and maintenance experience and occurrence reporting, for the
site and for other DOE facilities when applicable.
613-06)
Verification of
the effectiveness of radiological control training should be accomplished by
observing or testing a subset of trained workers in the workplace.
613-07)
Reading and
comprehension skills in the English language are generally necessary for GERT and Radiation Worker I training. If the instructor is unable to verify that
the student can comply with written and/or verbal instructions in the English
language, the instructor shall not qualify the student. In some cases, visitor orientation and the
use of trained escorts may, with the concurrence of the RCD Manager and the
Jefferson Lab sponsor, provide a temporary alternative to Radiological
Worker Training.
613-08)
When an escort is used
in lieu of training, the escort shall (1) have completed radiation safety training, examinations, and performance demonstrations
required for entry to the area and performance of the work; and (2) ensure that
all escorted individuals comply with the documented radiation protection program[§835.901(d)] .
613-09)
Training records and course
documentation shall meet the requirements of Article 725.
614
Qualification
Standards for the Radiological Control Technologist (RCT)
614-01)
Qualification Standards
define the requirements for demonstrating completion of training. Qualification Standards applicable to
Jefferson Lab are found in the Jefferson Lab RCT Program Management Manual.
614-02)
Qualification Standards
used in the Jefferson Lab RCT Program Management Manual are based on applicable
standards, including DOE-suggested training materials, and are supplemented to
include Jefferson Lab site-specific elements.
614-03)
Qualification Standards
for the Radiological Control Technologist position include on-the-job training
to provide hands-on experience directly applicable to the job and are specified
in individual training plans for each technologist.
614-04)
On-the-job
trainees shall be under the control of qualified personnel. Before performing a job function without
direct supervision, a trainee with partially completed qualifications shall
have completed the qualifications for that task.
615
Instructor
Training and Qualifications
615-01)
Instructors shall have
the technical knowledge, experience and instructional skills required to
fulfill their assigned duties. The
decision for the suitability of a staff member to serve as an instructor rests
with the RCD Manager.
615-02)
Instructors-in-training
shall be monitored by a qualified instructor.
615-03)
Subject matter
experts without instructor qualification may provide
training in their area(s) of expertise.
Personnel who
have unescorted access to a Controlled Area (CA) may
encounter Radiologically
Controlled Areas (RCAs) with radiological barriers,
postings or radioactive materials.
Consequently these personnel shall maintain,
at a minimum, GERT.
621-01)
GERT should include
DOE-recommended training materials and additional site-specific information as
appropriate.
621-02)
GERT
qualification also authorizes unescorted access to radioactive material areas,
when these areas are not also posted as RCAs or radiological areas. Consequently, the training should include
specific instructions and precautions for working around these materials, such
as limitations on moving or handling.
621-03)
Additional training
beyond GERT is necessary for unescorted entry into Radiologically
Controlled Areas or radiological areas [§835.901(b)(1)].
621-04)
Information may
be communicated by classroom lecture, videotape, or other applicable methods.
621-05) Requirements for qualification, testing and requalification in GERT are contained in Article 613.
622
Radiological Orientation for Visitors, Tour Groups, and Other Untrained
Individuals
622-01)
Visitors who enter a Controlled
Area must be escorted by an individual who is qualified
with GERT or higher training.
622-02)
Visitors who enter a Radiologically
Controlled Area shall be escorted and receive a
radiological safety orientation that includes the following topics:
a)
Basic radiation protection concepts
b)
Risk of low-level
occupational radiation exposure, including cancer and genetic effects
c)
Risk of prenatal radiation exposure
d)
Radiological protection
policies and procedures
e)
Visitor responsibilities
for radiation safety
f)
Adherence to
radiological posting and labeling
g)
Applicable emergency procedures
h)
Information may be
communicated by videotape, orally, and/or handout to personnel entering a site.
622-03) Records of the orientation shall be maintained. The Jefferson Lab Visitor Information Sheet, including visitors’ signatures, shall suffice as documentation of visitor orientation.
The knowledge
of radiation safety possessed by radiological
workers shall be verified by examination and performance
demonstration prior to an unsupervised assignment. The level of training shall be commensurate
with each worker’s assignment [§835.901(b)].
631-01)
Radiological Worker I
training shall be completed prior to entering Radiologically Controlled Areas without a qualified escort.
631-02)
Radiological Worker I
training shall be completed prior to performing unescorted assignments as a radiological
worker.
631-03)
Radiological Worker II
training is required for entry into posted Contamination, High Contamination or
Airborne Radioactivity Areas (when the posting is based on particulate airborne
radioactivity), and for handling material known or likely to exceed the
contamination limits in Appendix 2B.
631-04) Additional training may be required for special job functions with radiological consequences.
632-01)
Training for radiological
workers shall either precede assignment as a radiological
worker or be concurrent with assignment as a radiological
worker if the worker is accompanied by and under the direct
supervision of a trained radiological worker [§835.901(b)].
632-02)
Radiological Worker I
training shall consist of applicable portions of the DOE standardized core
course training materials, shall emphasize site-specific information, and
course work shall include both classroom and applied training.
632-03)
Jefferson Lab Radiological
Worker I training shall include procedures specific to an
individual’s job assignment and so encompass, at a minimum, the following
performance demonstration elements:
a)
Entering and
exiting simulated Controlled Areas, Radiation
Areas, and High
Radiation Areas,
b)
Performance of
monitoring (frisking) for personnel contamination,
c)
Reading and interpreting
applicable personnel dosimetry devices and instrumentation and taking
appropriate actions based on the readings,
d)
Use of Radiological Work
Permit (RWP)
e)
Anticipated response to abnormal
situations.
632-04)
Personnel who maintain
qualifications as Radiological Worker I satisfy the
requirements of GERT Training.
632-05) The RCM may authorize special or non-standardized radiological worker training for individuals with unusual or limited radiological duties or responsibilities. This training shall meet all applicable requirements in 10 CFR 835, and shall be documented.
Workers whose
job assignments involve performing work in containments such as glove boxes, or
entry into contaminated areas shall complete Radiological
Worker II training.
633-01)
Radiological Worker II
training shall consist of applicable portions of the standardized core course
training materials and shall emphasize site-specific information.
633-02)
Jefferson Lab Radiological
Worker II training shall include procedures specific to an
individual’s job assignment and so encompass, at a minimum, the following
site-specific practical factors:
a)
The use of protective
clothing
b)
Performance of tasks in
simulated Contaminated Areas
c)
Anticipated response to
simulated abnormal situations
d)
Performance of monitoring for personnel contamination
e)
Verification of
instrument response and source check.
633-03)
Respiratory
protection training is not covered in Radiological Worker II training (see Article 531).
634
Specialized
Radiological
Worker Training
When necessary, specialized radiological worker training will be given by the RCD for non-routine operations or work in areas with changing radiological conditions. This training is in addition to Radiological Worker training and addresses planning, preparing, and performing jobs that have the potential for radiation doses in excess of the applicable values in Article 211, Tables 2-1A and 2-1B. Such jobs may involve special containment devices, respiratory training, the use of mockups, and ALARA considerations.
641
Radiological Control Technologists (RCTs)
Training and
retraining programs for RCTs shall be established and conducted at intervals
not to exceed two years to familiarize technologists with the fundamentals of radiation protection and the proper techniques for maintaining doses ALARA.
641-01)
Training and
qualification of RCTs and their immediate supervisors shall address routine
operations and also focus on recognizing and handling situations in both normal
and changing radiological conditions [§835.103].
641-02)
Newly qualified
technologists and those still in training should be given the opportunity to
work with qualified, experienced technologists to foster development.
641-03)
Course content, material
development requirements, standards and policies, and administration of RCT Training are fully defined and
described in the Jefferson Lab RCT Program Management Manual.
641-04)
RCT qualification
consists of a program of classroom training, on-the-job training according to
the Qualification Standards, passing written examinations, and performance
demonstration evaluations.
641-05)
RCT training shall use
the applicable portions of the standardized DOE core course training materials as
well as emphasizing Jefferson Lab site-specific information.
641-06)
RCT candidates who have
prerequisite knowledge, such as college credit, operational experience or
related qualifications, may satisfy individual sections of the standardized
core course training requirements by passing comprehensive challenge
examinations. In addition, allowance may
be made for previous training on generic radiation
safety topics (i.e., those not specific to a site or facility), provided that documentation of the previous training is obtained.
641-07)
Entry-level
prerequisites shall be established to ensure that RCTs meet standards for physical condition and education. These standards
should include the following:
a)
High school education or
equivalency
b)
Fundamentals of
mathematics, physics, chemistry and science
c)
Systems and fundamentals
of process, operations and maintenance
d)
Reading and comprehension
level sufficient to follow procedures, write permits, prepare survey maps,
write reports and prepare shipping and transfer permits
e)
Ability to work in a
support role, including communicating verbal instructions to others
f) Physical requirements to handle Personal Protective Equipment, other equipment and assist others in work locations, commensurate with assignment.
641-08)
RCTs are encouraged to
pursue registration by the National Registry of Radiation Protection
Technologists (NRRPT).
641-09)
Registration by the
NRRPT shall be considered equivalent to completion of the core training
requirements.
641-010)
The RCT training program
shall include procedures specific to the site or facility where the technologist
is assigned and shall be commensurate with the technologist’s assignment.
641-011)
The training for RCTs
shall either precede performance of tasks assigned to RCTs or be concurrent
with such task assignments if the individual is accompanied by and under the
direct supervision of a trained individual.
641-012) The required level of knowledge of radiation safety possessed by RCTs shall be verified by examination to include demonstration prior to any unsupervised work assignment.
642-01)
Following initial qualification,
the RCT should begin a cycle of continuing training required for
requalification. This cycle is
established and conducted at intervals not to exceed 24 months in order to
ensure familiarity with the fundamentals of radiation protection and the proper procedures for maintaining exposures ALARA. Requirements for
requalification shall include written examinations and may include performance
demonstrations.
642-02)
Continuing training
should provide continued improvement in the knowledge and skills of the RCT.
642-03)
Continuing training
should include site-specific and DOE-wide changes in requirements, changes in
procedures, updates of lessons learned from operating experience and industry
events, familiarization with new equipment and other topics identified through
job and task analysis or radiological performance (both positive and negative)
in the field.
642-04) Personnel who maintain qualifications as RCTs satisfy the requirements of Radiological Worker I, Radiological Worker II and Assigned Radiation Monitor training.
643-01)
RCT Supervisors shall
maintain training in tasks they supervise or perform.
643-02)
RCT Supervisors
should have supervisory and leadership capabilities to direct the work of
technologists; effectively interact with line supervisors, professional staff,
and other managers; and be able to respond and direct others in emergency and abnormal
situations [§835.103].
644
Radiological
Control Personnel
644-01)
Radiological Control
technical staff and management shall have:
a)
A combination of
education and experience commensurate with their job responsibilities [§835.103].
b)
Continuing training
based on an assessment of job responsibilities to maintain and enhance
proficiency.
c)
Continuing training to
remain cognizant of changes to the facility, operating experience, procedures,
regulations and quality assurance requirements.
644-02)
Radiological support
personnel shall have:
a)
Training on Radiological
Worker I, II, ARM or RCT training, and additional
job-specific topics, as applicable.
b)
Training appropriate to
the tasks to be performed.
c)
Continuing training to
provide continued improvement in knowledge and skills.
d)
Certification and
involvement with professional industry organizations is encouraged.
645
Assigned Radiation
Monitors (ARMs)
ARMs are individuals not under
the permanent employ of the RCD, but who have specific training provided by the RCD on the proper conduct and documentation of radiation surveys [§835.103]. ARMs are authorized to perform and document initial radiation surveys when an accelerator enclosure or experimental hall has
the Safety System status changed from “beam permit” or “power permit” to
“controlled access”. When performing
these duties, the ARMs are working under the
auspices of the RCD.
645-01) ARM duties and responsibilities shall be documented in technical
directives and Standard Operating Procedures.
These duties may be tailored to specific facility operational
considerations (e.g. FEL operations).
645-02) ARM qualification shall include
initial performance demonstrations and written examinations. ARM retraining shall include written exams.
645-03) Personnel who maintain full ARM qualifications satisfy the training
requirements for Radiological Worker I training. Area-specific ARM qualification may or may
not satisfy Radiological Worker training requirements. Consult the relevant course materials or the
RCD for further information.
646
Radiographers
and Radiation-Generating Device Operators
Radiographers performing work on
the Jefferson Lab site are considered Radiological Workers. The RCD has evaluated training requirements
of Radiographers and Radiographers’ Assistants, as defined in 10 CFR 34 and has
established the following requirements.
646-01) Training
required by 10
CFR 34 satisfies the training requirements for radiological workers in 10
CFR 835 for the conduct of radiographic operations at Jefferson Lab.
646-02) Radiographers
needing unescorted access to normally posted Controlled Areas shall have GERT
training, and shall meet other applicable training requirements for unescorted
access to the accelerator site.
646-03) Radiographers
needing unescorted access to RCAs shall have Radiological Worker I training,
unless excepted by the RCM in writing.
Radiographers shall also follow
the provisions of this manual and any specific instructions given to them by
the RCD personnel. RWPs shall be used to
authorize radiographic operations.
Other activities utilizing sealed
sources for non-destructive testing (i.e. soil density gauges) shall be
conducted as directed by the RCD.
Training requirements for such operations shall be determined and documented
as applicable to the type of operation.
Written work authorizations shall be used to control such work, as
appropriate.
647
Emergency
Response Personnel
Nothing in this manual shall be
construed as limiting actions that may be necessary to protect health and
safety. Provisions shall be in place to
accommodate rapid site and radiological
area access by on-site and off-site emergency workers, such
as firefighters, medical personnel, and security personnel. These provisions should include training,
escorts, and dosimetry as appropriate to the situation. The training should be special radiological
worker training commensurate with the situations they are likely to encounter,
and should emphasize that lifesaving has priority over radiological controls.
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ISSUING
AUTHORITY |
CHAPTER
AUTHOR |
APPROVAL
DATE |
EFFECTIVE
DATE |
EXPIRATION
DATE |
REV. |
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RadCon Dept |
07/01/10 |
07/01/10 |
07/01/13 |
4 |
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