\documentstyle[12pt,epsfig]{article} %\input{psfig} %\input C_tables.tex \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{+0.5cm} \setlength{\evensidemargin}{+0.5cm} %\setlength{\topmargin}{-2.5cm} %\setlength{\textwidth}{16.0cm} \setlength{\textwidth}{15.8cm} %\setlength{\textheight}{23.2cm} \setlength{\textheight}{22.8cm} \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.20} \font\tiny=cmbx8 \font\sf=cmss10 %San-Serif 10 \font\bf=cmssbx10 %Bold San-Serif 10 \font\ssf=cmssq8 %San-Serif 8 \font\scrsf=cmssi10 %Italic San-Serif 10 \font\tf=cmb10 \font\ttf=cmb10 scaled 1200 \font\ttfbig=cmb10 scaled 1600 \font\ninebf=cmbx9 \font\tsf=cmssbx10 %Bold San-Serif 10 \font\ttsf=cmssbx10 scaled 1600 %Bold San-Serif 12 % Some other macros used in the text \def\3{\ss} \def\bigvec#1{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr \rightarrowfill\crcr\noalign{\kern-1pt\nointerlineskip} $\hfil\textstyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}} \def\Journal#1#2#3#4{{#1} {\bf #2}, #3 (#4)} \def\AP{\em Ann. Phys.} \def\NIM{\em Nucl. Instrum. Methods} \def\NIMA{{\em Nucl. Instrum. Methods} A} \def\NPA{{\em Nucl. Phys.} A} \def\INC{\em Il Nuovo Cimento} \def\JPG{\em J. Phys. G} \def\NPB{{\em Nucl. Phys.} B} \def\PLB{{\em Phys. Lett.} B} \def\PL{\em Phys. Lett.} \def\PRL{\em Phys. Rev. Lett.} \def\PRA{{\em Phys. Rev.} A} \def\PRC{{\em Phys. Rev.} C} \def\PRD{{\em Phys. Rev.} D} \def\RMP{\em Rev. Mod. Phys.} \def\PR{\em Phys. Rep.} \def\SP{\em Sov. Phys. JETP} \def\UJP{\em Ukrainian Journal of Physics} \def\ZPC{{\em Z. Phys.} C} \def\ZPA{{\em Z. Phys.} A} \def\ra{\rightarrow} \def\be{\begin{equation}} \def\ee{\end{equation}} \def\bea{\begin{eqnarray}} \def\eea{\end{eqnarray}} \newcommand{\sigrat}{$\sigma^d/\sigma^p$ } \newcommand{\sigratT}{$\sigma^d_T/\sigma^p_T$ } \newcommand{\sigratL}{$\sigma^d_L/\sigma^p_L\;$ } \newcommand{\frat}{$F^d_2/F^p_2\;$} \newcommand{\nprat}{$F^n_2/F^p_2\;$} \newcommand{\Rrat}{$R^d/R^p\;$} \newcommand{\Rdiff}{$R^d-R^p\;$} %% Stuff added by Crusty % Different font in captions \newcommand{\captionfonts}{\ssf} \makeatletter % Allow the use of @ in command names \long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% \vskip\abovecaptionskip \sbox\@tempboxa{{\captionfonts #1: #2}}% \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize {\captionfonts #1: #2\par} \else \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}% \fi \vskip\belowcaptionskip} \makeatother % Cancel the effect of \makeatletter \renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85} \renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.1} \renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.75} %% \begin{document} \setlength{\baselineskip}{1.5pc} \begin{center} {\bf \Large Project Description} \end{center} \setlength{\baselineskip}{1.07pc} %\setlength{\baselineskip}{1.00pc} \sf \section{Introduction} This proposal seeks to continue the research and education efforts of the Hampton University nuclear experimental group. This group was established 18 years ago with funding from the National Science Foundation's Human Resources Division to address a critical need in a science where African-Americans are severely under-represented. Since 2000, the part of the group represented in this proposal has been supported by the NSF Intermediate Energy Nuclear Physics Division. The group has spearheaded research in low-energy quark-hadron duality, and, more generally, the transition between the Baryon-Meson and the Quark-Gluon description of nucleons, including effects of the nuclear medium on these nucleons, and the investigaton of low-energy fragmentation processes. Due to this continuous progress, we believe we can state now that we are working "towards a quark-gluon description of nucleon structure", with our emphasis on unpolarized structure function measurements in the large $x$ (0.2 $< x <$ 0.9) region. In other major efforts, we have successfully developed a first-ever effective free neutron target for the BONUS experiment at JLab, have led the construction of scintillation detector planes for the MINER$\nu$A experiment at Fermilab, and are leading a major effort to decisively map two-photon exchange effects at DORIS/DESY. During the past review period, the group has successfully completed our promised focus deliverables: (i) the analysis of a large series of experiments executed between 2003 and 2007; (ii) the global analysis of our structure function program results, including proton, deuteron, and nuclear targets, with an emphasis on the large $x$ region; (iii) preparations for the MINER$\nu$A project, a neutrino physics effort to precisely map the response of nuclei to the axial coupling; and (iv) preparations for 12-GeV science and construction projects. This will be descibed in detail below. For the proposed review period, the groups's research plans will focus on: (i) bringing to refereed publications the completed analysis results of our experiments, including further global analysis; (ii) the successfully executing the initial phase of the MINER$\nu$A experiment, (iii) succesfully completing the OLYMPUS experiment; (iv) the start of a global analysis of unpolarized "semi-inclusive" charged pion and kaon electroproduction results, partly led by our group; and (v) further gearing up for 12-GeV experiments, including construction of the SHMS wire chambers and preparing to lead commissioning eforts. It is expected that additional experiments and activities will be planned and executed as new opportunities present themselves. %\subsection{Description of the Group} \paragraph{1.1 Description of the Group} The Hampton University (HU) intermediate energy nuclear experimental group Includes Dr. Cynthia Keppel, Dr. Eric Christy, Dr. Rolf Ent, Dr. Michael Kohl, Dr. Lingyan Zhu, Dr. Peter Monaghan, and Dr. Alberto Accardi. Dr. Ent is a HU Adjunct Professor of Physics and JLab employee who is presently leading the JLab Electron-Ion Collider efforts. He will have a projected 33\% release time dedicated to working with Hampton faculty, postdocs, and students. Dr. Keppel has held a joint position as tenured faculty at HU and Staff Scientist in Hall C at JLab since 1995. She was named University Endowed Full Professor in 2005. Dr. Kohl began a similar joint position in 2008, as Staff Scientist in Hall C and Assistant Professor at HU. This is a new position in the HU Physics Department, part of the substantial new support committed to the group by the university this past funding cycle. After working with the group for four years as a Postdoctoral Research Associate, Dr. Christy was hired by the university as regular faculty in the Physics Department in fall 2003. It is anticipated that he will move to Associate Professor status this funding cycle. Drs. Zhu and Monaghan are currently working with the group as a Postdoctoral Research Associates. Lastly, Dr. Alberto Accardi is a Research Faculty member working with Dr. Keppel (50%), JLab Theory, and The Coordinated Theoretical-Experimental Project on QCD (CTEQ) to address issues in extracting parton distribution functions at large $x$, such as target mass corrections, higher twist, and quark-hadron duality. The group supports each other, sharing manpower and resources, with a priority generally on the currently-running or next-expected-to-run experiment. The group is closely bonded through common physics interests and combined data analysis efforts. All group members share common equipment and infrastructure resources, share student office space and data analysis computer farm, attend common lectures and student presentations, attend regular bi-weekly group meetings, and assist with educational outreach programs. The group is particularly pleased to be moving this year to a new research building on campus, with occupancy expected fall 2009. The facility will have space designed by and dedicated to the group, including a bay for detector construction, two laboratories, a new computing facility, and several offices. This represents another major commitment from the university to this project. The personnel discussed above, combined with the student group listed below, comprise a relatively large group and have thus been able to make a major impact on the experimental program at JLab. It is this group structure which facilitates the ability to carry out the substantial research program here proposed. A listing of the nine approved JLab experiments {\it led} and (\it run) by this group between 2003 and 2008 are presented in Fig. 1, below. It is important to note that many of these approved experiments, which will be discussed in some detail below, have been successfully completed. In the last three years, the group ran six experiments, and was still busy analyzing data from three 2003 experiments as well. The results of the older four of the group-led experiments, not listed in Fig. 1, are final and will be incorporated into the proposed global analysis in the next years. Foreseeing the upcoming JLab down period associated with the 12 GeV upgrade, the group committed to lead the OLYMPUS experiment at DESY, as well as major detector and target construction projects for the MINER\nuA experiment at Fermilab. Both of these experiments have scientific goals in keeping with the JLab program. All experiments for which support is currently being requested have as spokesperson or leader one or more of the senior personnel on this proposal. These are discussed in greater detail below. \begin{table} \begin{center} \vspace*{-0.3in} \caption{Overview of the nine (out of thirteen total) approved 6-GeV Hampton-led experiments that gathered data in the period 2003-2007. These experiments have already provided 6 refereed publications (two Physical Review Letters - one highlighted in Physical Review Focus - one Physics Letter, and three Physical Review articles, with three more articles drafted, and analysis of all experiments either complete or near-completion. Independently, earlier Hampton-led experiments have provided an additional four articles in this review period. Also listed are the four approved and/or conditionally approved 12-GeV experiments spearheaded by the group.} \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline\hline {\bf Number} & {\bf Hall} & {\bf Title} & {\bf Days} & {\bf Run} & {\bf Spokespersons} \\ \hline E00--002 & C & $F_2^N$ at Low $Q^2$ & 8 & 2003 & C.~E.~Keppel \\ E00--108 & C & Duality in Meson Electroproduction & 20 & 2003 & R.~Ent \\ E00--116 & C & Measurement of Hydrogen and Deuterium Inclusive & 3 & 2003 & C.~E.~Keppel \\ & & Resonance Cross Sections at Intermediate Q$^2$ for & & & \\ & & Parton-Hadron Duality Studies & & & \\ E01--107 & C & Measurement of Pion Transparency in Nuclei & 14 & 2004 & R.~Ent \\ E02--109 & C & Measurement of $R = \sigma_L/\sigma_T$ & 13 & 2005 & M.~E.~Christy \\ & & on Deuterium in the Nucleon Resonance Region & & & C.~E.~Keppel \\ E04--001 & C & Measurement of $F_2$ and $R$ on Nuclear Targets & 5 & 2005 & C.~E.~Keppel \\ & & in the Nucleon Resonance Region & & 2007 & \\ E03--012 & B & The Structure of the Free Neutron & 25 & 2005 & C.~E.~Keppel \\ & & via Spectator Tagging & & & \\ E03--104 & A & Probing the Limits of the Standard Model of & 18 & 2006 & R.~Ent \\ & & Nuclear Physics with the $^4{\rm He}(\vec{e},e'\vec{p}\,)^3{\rm H}$ Reaction & & & \\ E06--009 & C & Measurement of $R = \sigma_L/\sigma_T$ on Deuterium & 9 & 2007 & M.~E.~Christy \\ & & in the Nucleon Resonance Region and Beyond & & & C.~E.~Keppel \\ \hline & & {\bf 12 GeV Experiments:} & & & \\ \hline E12-06-104 & C & Measurement of the Ratio $R = \sigma_L/\sigma_T$ in & (40) & & R.~Ent \\ & & Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering & & & \\ E12-06-107 & C & The Search for Color Transparency at 12 GeV & (26) & & R.~Ent \\ & & (conditionally approved) & & & \\ E12-06-113 & B & The Structure of the Free Neutron at Large Bjorken $x$ & (40) & & M.~E.~Christy \\ & & (conditionally approved) & & & C.~E.~Keppel \\ E12-09-017 & C & Transverse Momentum Dependence of Semi-Inclusive & (32) & & R.~Ent \\ & & Pion Production (conditionally approved) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \label{tab:table1} \end{center} \end{table} \begin{figure}[t] \vspace*{-0.3in} \centering \begin{tabular}{c} %\epsfig{figure=FIGS/group_photo.eps,width=.90\textwidth,height=.40\textwidth} \end{tabular} \linespread{0.7} \caption{ Group photo taken August 2009 in the new Hampton University Research building. From left to right: Caesar Jackson, Rolf Ent, Ibrahim Albayrak, Ozgur Ates, Lingyan Zhu, Alberto Accardi, Eric Christy, Cynthia Keppel, Michael Kohl, Ya Li, Peter Monaghan, Anusha Pushkapumari, Jamil Taylor, Tammy Walton.} \label{group} \end{figure} %\subsection{Education} \paragraph{1.2 Education} The Hampton University Department of Physics has awarded 35 students the doctoral degree since the first of these graduated in 1998. Of these, 20 are African-American, and 14 are women. {\it All} experimental doctoral students in intermediate energy nuclear physics have elected to pursue careers in the research field, continuing on to postdoctoral research associate and higher positions. The first ever Southeastern Universities Research Association Thesis Award, in 2000, was presented to a Hampton graduate student. Additionally,\ more than half of the undergraduate students in the department at some point in their studies have performed research related to nuclear physics. The majority of these have gone on to graduate school, some at Research I universities. Table 1 lists the current and past nuclear experimental Ph.D. students mentored by this group, mentors, their research or thesis topics, graduation dates, and current employment where applicable. In supporting documentation we also list the undergraduate students that have worked with our group, and, where applicable, their current school. All of the undergraduate students have been African-American, and sixteen of the nineteen graduate students are from under-represented minority groups. There have been ten postdoctoral researchers working with this group, also listed in the supporting documentation, since it began in 1995. They have performed cutting edge research at JLab, helped to guide the students, and in some cases, proposed experiments to the JLab Program Advisory Committee. These postdocs have {\it all} gone on to faculty and research positions at universities and national laboratories. While not directly funded by the same source of support, it is nonetheless useful to note also that the group runs (C. Keppel, PI, and R. Ent, main organizers) the DOE-supported annual Hampton University Graduate Studies (HUGS) at Jefferson Lab summer school, which typically attracts 25-35 graduate students from around the world to JLab. This funding cycle will see the quarter century mark of the 25th annual HUGS in 2010. The HUGS program is in a casual lecture format, where invited lecturers who are experts in the field stay for days at a time working with the students. See www.jlab.org/hugs for more information. The group also supports the NSF-REU UnIPhy (Undergraduate Institute in Physics) program at Hampton University, and has incoporated since 2008 a two summer joint HU/MIT/JLab undergraduate program for research addressing the Electron-Ion Collider. Drs. Christy, Ent, and Keppel has served as a co-PIs on these projects. Group members support the undergraduate summer experience by giving pedagogical lectures and serving as research mentors. Additionally, Dr. Christy has employed physics undergraduates during the academic year to assist in the construction of scintillation planes for MINER\nuA and group members have mentored undergraduate researchers in nuclear physics for their HU senior capstone thesis requirement. Dr. Keppel has also assisted in the organization of the CTEQ Summer School on QCD Analysis and Phenomenology for graduate students and postdocs. This school typically attracts up to 100 students annually. \begin{table} \begin{center} \vspace*{-0.3in} \caption{Current and Past($^*$) Graduate Students} \begin{tabular}{lllll} \hline\hline Person & M.Sc./Ph.D. & Supervisor & Project & Present Position \\ \hline Ibrahim Albayrak& Ph.D.'10 & Eric Christy & E06-009 & \\ Ozgur Ates & Ph.D.'12 & Michael Kohl & Olympus & \\ Steve Avery$^*$ & Ph.D.'02 & Cynthia Keppel & E91-003 & Faculty UPenn \\ Romuald David$^*$ & M.Sc.'00 & Rolf Ent/Tom Chyba & Polarimetry & Industry \\ Telly Green$^*$ & Ph.D.'07 & Cynthia Keppel & Nuclear Medicine & \\ Mark Harvey$^*$ & Ph.D.'01 & Rolf Ent & NIKHEF & Texas Southern U \\ Caesar Jackson & Ph.D.'14 & Cynthia Keppel & TBD & \\ Chandana Jayalath$^*$& M.Sc.'05 & Eric Christy & E03-012 & Ph.D. Theory HU \\ Clarence Jones$^*$& M.Sc.'01 & Cynthia Keppel & Monte Carlos & Industry \\ Ya Li & Ph.D.'09 & Cynthia Keppel & E04-001 & \\ Simona Malace$^*$ & Ph.D.'06 & Rolf Ent & E00-116 & Postdoc USC \\ Anusha Pushpakumari & Ph.D.'12& Michael Kohl & E07-003 & \\ Yongguang Liang$^*$& Ph.D.'02 & Cynthia Keppel & E94-110 & Medical Physics \\ Ioana Niculescu$^*$& Ph.D.'99 & Cynthia Keppel & Duality & Faculty JMU \\ %Edwin Segbefia & Ph.D.'07 & Cynthia Keppel & E00-002 & \\ Jamil Taylor & Ph.D.'14 & Rolf Ent & TBD & \\ Tammy Walton & Ph.D.'11 & Eric Christy & MINER$\nu$A & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \label{tab:table2} \end{center} \end{table} \section{Results from Prior Support, Ongoing Activities} In 2007-2009, the personnel listed above published xxxx refereed papers (see supporting documents for a detailed list), including those papers that are presently in the review process. The group presented a combined xxxx invited talks at international conferences and seminars (again, see supporting documents). Additionally, the group had a leadership role in the organization of xxxx conferences and workshops. Projected to 2010, the group will have successfully mentored to the doctoral degree two students in this time (Ya Li and Ibrahim Albayrak), and have two additional students who will have collected their Ph.D. dissertation data (Anusha Pushpakumari and Tammy Walton). All of this is a straightforward attestation of an active and effective research group. A listing of the nine (!) approved JLab experiments led by this experimental group that accumulated data in the period 2003-2007 and were under analysis in the past review period is presented in Fig.~1, above. Many of these experiments have already led to six refereed publications, whereas all of them have their analysis complete or near completion. Three more publications are in draft format, and several more are expected. In addition, several archival and/or global fitting refereed publications appeared in the past review period based upon the earlier four experiments led by this group. Obviously, with such a large amount of experiments completed in a relatively small time period, analysis of these experiments towards refereed publications has been one of our highlights of the past review period. It is expected that many more refereed publications will follow, based upon the {\sl joint} results of the inclusive scattering experiments. Given that the 6-GeV running period soon comes to an end at Jefferson Lab, the group has, beyond analysis of this host of collected data, temporarily shifted attention to two non-Jefferson Lab experiments. The group has played a leading role in the MINER$\nu$A experiment at FermiLab, especially in the construction of the scintillating fiber planes, which we consider one of our highlights of the past review period, and also the development of a scientific case for cryogenic ($^4$He, $^2$H and $^1$H) targets. Similarly, the OLYMPUS experiment at DORIS/DESY is led by one of our group. The science case of the latter, measuring two-photon effects through a comparison of electron and positron scattering, matches nicely with previous work of this group. Obviously, our home base will remain experiments at Jefferson Lab, and this group has been actively working on both instrumentation and scientific preparations for the JLab 12-GeV Upgrade. As a testimony to this, the group boasts four approved and/or conditionally approved 12-GeV experiments, with two more expected to be submitted to PAC-35, and is in the process of building the wire chambers for the Super-High Momentum Spectrometer of Hall C through an NSF/MRI grant. All activities will be discussed in greater detail below, either as ongoing activities (if mentioned in our previous grant proposal) or as new projects. \subsection{Structure Functions and Quark-Hadron Duality} \paragraph{2.1.1 Longitudinal-Transverse Separated Structure Functions for the Deuteron --- E02-109 $\&$ E06-008} The separated L/T structure functions are fundamental properties of the nucleons. As such, the measurement of these {\it fundamental} quantities allows a variety of physics issues to be addressed, including: QCD moments of the deuterium and neutron structure functions, neutron elastic form factors, and quark-hadron duality in protons and neutron. Members of the Hampton University intermediate energy group have continued to lead the Jefferson Lab Hall C program to perform precision measurements of the unpolarized nucleon structure functions, including separations of the longitudinal ($F_L$) and transverse ($F_1$) structure functions, and $R = \sigma_L / \sigma_T$ = $F_L / 2xF_1$. Following on the successful analysis of E94-110, which provided the first precision survey of the longitudinal structure of the proton in the resonance region for $0.3 < Q^2 < 4.5$~$\rm (GeV/c)^2$, Jefferson Lab experiments E02-109 and E06-009 were proposed to perform a similar survey for the deuteron. This will allow for quantitative tests of quark-hadron duality in both longitudinal and transverse structure functions for the deuteron, and additionally, the neutron when combined with the existing proton data. The deuteron data is important for descriminating various underlying models of duality. For instance, in the model of Close and Isgur~\cite{close-isgur} predict duality is only realized when summing over enough hadronic states to effectively reach closure, and this will be realized at larger $W^2$ for the neutron than for the proton. Furthermore, combining the precision deuteron data with the existing proton data will allow for the extracton of the low $Q^2$ QCD moments of the neutron and flavor non-singlet structure functions ($F^p-F^n = 2F^p - F^d)$. The latter can be compared directly with available calculations from the lattice. The individual experiments focus on different $Q^2$ ranges, with E02-109 being dominated by measurements with $Q^2 < 2$ and E06-009 with $2< Q^2 < 4$. The analyses of both experiments are nearing completion and preliminary results have been presented at several international workshops and conferences. The cross sections and Rosenbluth separations are on track to be finalized during calender year 2009. Each experiment has a Hampton PhD student working on the analysis as the focus of dissertation research. Both students, Ya Li (E02-109) and Ibrahim Albayrak (E06-009) are expected to defend their dissertations this academic year. \paragraph{2.1.2 $F_2^p$ and $F_2^d$ Measurements --- E00-002 $\&$ E00-116} {\sl Needs to be added - half a page at most: Thia} \paragraph{2.1.3 $F_2^n$ - The BONUS method (E03-012)} {\sl Needs to be added - half a page at most: Thia} \begin{figure}[t] \vspace*{-0.3in} \centering \begin{tabular}{cc} %\epsfig{figure=FIGS/BONUS_PHOTO_SCHEM.eps,width=.55\textwidth,height=.40\textwidth} & %\epsfig{figure=FIGS/distr_2.eps,width=.40\textwidth,height=.45\textwidth} \end{tabular} \linespread{0.7} \caption{ {\bf Left:} Figure showing $F_2$ measurement at large $x$ from E00-116. {\bf Right:} Figure showing $F_L$ second moment and MRST at NNLO.} \label{vertex} \end{figure} \paragraph{2.1.4 Nucleon Structure Function Moments and Global Cross Section and Structure Function Modeling} One of the large ongoing projects led by the members of the HU group has been the determination and study of the QCD moments of the nucleon unpolarized structure functions. The experimental determination of these moments over a range of $Q^2$ provides a laboratory for testing the transition of nucleon structure from perturbative to confinement scale physics. For instance, the observation of global duality in $F_2$ can be restated in the operator product expansion (OPE) formalism as an observation that the contributions from higher-twist (H-T) matrix elements are small when averaged over the resonances. In this context, determinations of the degree to which the moments are independent of $Q^2$ tell us about the onset of nonperturbative QCD. A study of {\it local} duality in $F_2$ has recently been performed by members of the group utilizing the formalism of truncated moments, which provides QCD evolution equations to be formulated for moments over limit $x_b$ regions. This allows the study of the $Q^2$ evolution of moments over limited ranges in $x_b$ (or $W^2$), and thereby tests the size of H-T contributions in individual resonance regions. This first study~\cite{trunc} was performed utilizing our precision Hall C data and our fit~\cite{resfit} to the proton resonance region data. In addition, a global fit~\cite{tmcfit} to DIS data for charged lepton-proton scattering was utilized to separate the target mass (TM) effects from the leading-twist structure functions at the starting value of $Q^2 = 20$~$\rm (GeV/c)^2$. In addition to duality studies utilizing truncated moments, the group has also been working to extract the several lowest orders of moments for the longitudinal and transverse separated structure functions ($F_2$, $F_1$, $F_L$), utilizing the precision data from our Hall C program. These studies are being finalized for the proton and a publication is in preparation. The moments of $F_L$ is particular interesting, as they are directly sensitive to the integrated gluon distribution. For $F_2$ the gluon content is only accessible in an indirect way via the evolution equations. The difference of proton and neutron moments, on the other hand, allow the separation of singlet and non-singlet moments, and the latter can be compared directly with available calculations from the lattice. The determination of the full set of unpolarized deuteron moments will be performed with the data when the analysis of these experiments are finalized in early 2010. These studies will be further augmented by the data provide by BoNuS on the free neutron $F_2$, when the analysis of that experiment is shortly finalized. The development of global fits of the electron-proton and electron-deuteron resonance region cross sections are critical for the studies discussed, and have been an ongoing project (Dr. Christy) over the last several years. The results of several of our recent Hall C experiments have been incorporated into the published fits to the proton~\cite{resfit} and deuteron~\cite{resfitd} data. The first, E00-002, was proposed to measure the approach of the $F_2$ structure function at low $Q^2$ with a limited set of L/T separations being performed, while the second, E00-116, was performed to measure resonance cross sections for $Q^2 > 5$~$\rm (GeV/c)^2$ in order to study duality. The addition of these data sets will helped to further constrain the resonance models for the proton and deuteron at small and large $Q^2$, respectively. As with the proton, global resonance modeling to the deuterium data is of general interest to much of the nuclear physics community as input in the analysis of various data, including: 1) spin structure functions extracted from spin asymmetries 2) radiative correction calculations for a large range of experiments, and 3) as input for constraining the vector coupling in models used as input for low energy neutrino oscillation experiments. \paragraph{2.1.5 Target-Mass Corrections and Large-$x$ Analysis} Analysis of data at large values of $x$ and low $Q^2$ require careful attention to several effects which can usually be neglected when considering data at low $x$ and high $Q^2$. These include subleading $1/Q^2$ power corrections, such as target mass corrections and higher twists, which are suppressed at large $Q^2$, as well as nuclear corrections when analyzing nuclear data, which are relevant at all $Q^2$ values and are especially critical at large $x$. The effect of TMC on unpolarized structure functions have been studied in the framework of collinear factorization (CF) in QCD in \cite{AQ}. This analysis provides a natural solution to the long-standing "threshold problem", whereby the DIS cross section could be different from zero at x>1, and introduces a new non-perturbative "jet function" which accounts for Jet Mass Corrections and becomes relevant at $x > 0.6$. The TMC in CF have been extended to polarized DIS and unpolaried SIDIS in \cite{AM,AHM}. These theoretical advances have been applied to a global fit of Parton Distribution Functions dedicated to improve the precision of quark and gluon distributions at large-x. To this purpose the "cteqX" collaboration between our group at HU, JLab, Florida State U., and Fermilab physicist has been established and led by Dr. Accardi. The first paper resulting from this effort is under preparation. The mentioned power and nuclear corrections have allowed us to relax the kinematical cuts imposed on experimental data and to include in the fits a large set of old SLAC data, and new data from the E00-115 experimetn at JLab, which reach larger $x$ and lower $Q^2$ than previously possible. The results is an excellent new global PDF fits, showing that the leading twist PDFs are stable with respect to the choices made for implementing the target mass corrections provided that a flexible higher twist parametrization is employed. Furthermore, the expanded data set has allowed a reduction of a factor 3.5 in the $u$-quark PDF errors, and of a factor 1.5 in the $d$-quark errors. The major new feature of this fit as compared to previous global fits is that the $d/u$ ratio is suppressed more than in previous cases as $x \to 1$. However, the precise amount of suppression is entirely governed by the model chosen for the nuclear smearing corrections, and further studies of the nuclear corrections are needed. \subsection{Pion Electroproduction --- Towards Flavor Decomposition} Semi-inclusive deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering (SIDIS), $l + N \rightarrow l^\prime + h + X$, where a hadron~$h$ is detected in coincidence with the scattered lepton $l'$, provides detailed information on both the quark flavor content of the nucleon~$N$ and the fragmentation of quarks into hadrons. From perturbative QCD, the semi-inclusive cross sections can be written at leading order in a factorized form, as an initial virtual photon--quark interaction and the subsequent quark hadronization, % \begin{eqnarray} {{{d\sigma} \over {d\Omega_e dE_e dz dp_T^2 d\phi}} \over {{d\sigma} \over {d\Omega_e dE_e}}} = {{dN} \over {dz}} b e^{-bp_T^2} {{1 + A cos(\phi) + B cos(2\phi)} \over {2\pi}}, \\ % \\ \label{eq:semi-parton} {{dN} \over {dz}} \sim \sum_q e_q^2\ q(x,Q^2)\ D_{q \to \pi}(z,Q^2) , \end{eqnarray} % where the fragmentation function $D_{q \to \pi}(z,Q^2)$ gives the probability for a quark to evolve into a pion $\pi$ detected with a fraction $z$ of the quark (or virtual photon) energy, $z=E_{\pi}/\nu$. The transverse momentum $p_T$, $z$ and the angle $\phi$ reflect the extra kinematical degree of freedom associated with the pion momentum, with $b$ the average transverse momentum of the struck quark. The functions $A$ and $B$ express the dependence on the two interference structure functions, and thus can in principle depend on $Q^2, W^2, z$ and $p_T$. They carry, as will be discussed below, information on the transverse momentum distributions of quarks. \paragraph{2.2.1 Low-Energy Factorization in Pion Electroproduction --- E00-108} At low center-of-mass energies, it is in no way obvious that the pion electroproduction process factorizes in the same manner as in Eq.~(\ref{eq:semi-parton}), which assumes the hadronization process to be independent of any interaction with the target fragments. To test this factorization ansatz at low energies, experiment E00-108 measured charged-pion ($\pi^{\pm}$) electroproduction cross sections for both hydrogen and deuterium targets in the kinematic range where the missing mass of the residual system $X$ is in the resonance region. Our data conclusively show the onset of the quarh-hadron duality phenomenon, for the first time in such pion electroproduction reactions. We constructed several ratios from these data to exhibit the relation of this phenomenon to the high-energy factorization ansatz of electron-quark scattering and a subsequent quark-pion fragmentation process. Furthermore, we found the ratio of favored to unfavored fragmentation functions to closely resemble that of high energy reactions, over the full range of missing mass. The results were published in Physical Review Letters. As a result of this groundbreaking work, access to the quark-parton model at relatively low energies was deemed possible, allowing access to a study of fragmentation over a much wider kinematic regime, and enabling unprecedented spin and flavor decompositions of parton distributions. This has led to an explosion of SIDIS experiments proposed and approved at Jefferson Lab. \paragraph{2.2.2 Transverse Momentum Dependence of Charged Pion Electroproduction} A central question in the understanding of nucleon structure is the orbital motion of partons. Much is known about the light-cone momentum fraction, $x$, and virtuality scale, $Q^2$, dependence of the up and down parton distribution functions in the nucleon. In contrast, very little is known about the dependence of these functions on their transverse momentum $k_t$. Simply based on the size of the nucleon in which the quarks are confined, one would expect characteristic transverse momenta of order a few hundred MeV. Increasingly precise studies of the nucleon spin sum rule strongly suggest that the net spin carried by quarks and gluons is relatively small, and therefore the net orbital angular momentum must be significant. This in turns implies significant transverse momentum of quarks. The process of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic electron scattering, $e + N \rightarrow e^\prime + pion + X$, has been shown to factorize, in the high-energy limit, into electron-quark scattering followed by quark hadronization. In our experiment only a single hadronization product was measured: a charged pion carrying an appreciable energy fraction $z$ (55\%) of the available energy. The experiment was performed at an $x$ of 0.32, such that the role of sea quarks is small to negligible. The probability of producing a pion with transverse momentum $P_T$ relative to the virtual-photon direction is described by a convolution of the $k_t$-dependent parton distribution function and $p_t$-dependent fragmentation functions, with $p_t$ the transverse momentum of the pion relative to the quark direction. Assuming that the fragmentation functions, that describe the process of the struck quark turning into the produced pion, do not depend on the valence quark flavor, the use of both proton and deuteron targets (the latter with a higher down quark content than the former) and the detection of both $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ permitted a first de-convolution of the average $k_t$ of up and down quarks from our data, within a simple model. Examination of the extracted cross sections for $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ electro-production at $z$ = 0.55 and $x$ = 0.32 reveals that the $P_T$-dependence for $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ are very similar to each other for both proton and deuteron target, but that the slopes for the deuteron target are somewhat smaller than those for the proton. For a more quantitative understanding of the possible implications, the data were studied in the context of a simple model in which the $P_T$ dependence is described in terms of two Gaussian distributions in $k_t$ and $p_t$, respectively, with separate widths allowed for up and down quark distribution functions and favored and unfavored fragmentation functions. Within this model, the shallower $P_T$ dependence for the deuteron target would be due to a smaller $k_t$ width for up quarks than down quarks. Although considered only suggestive, given the limited energy and kinematic range of the experiment, this may be a first hint for a different (smaller) $k_t$ width for up quarks than down quarks. This tendency is consistent with a di-quark model in which the down quarks are only found in an axial di-quark (with larger mass), while the up quarks are predominantly found in a scalar di-quark. This work was published in Physics Letters B. \paragraph{2.2.3 Charged Pion Ratios in Semi-Inclusive Pion Electroproduction} The E00-108 experiment consisted of several parts: at fixed $x$ and $Q^2$ measurements were performed over a range in $z$; at fixed $z$ (= 0.55), meaasuerements were performed to span a range in $P_T$ and a range in $x$, from 0.22 to 0.58. The latter also corresponds to an increase in $Q^2$, from 1.5 to 4.2 GeV$^2$. Due to the nature of the experiment, precision {\sl ratios} of cross section can be obtained. This allows a precise check of not only the measured cross sections, but also their ratios, versus parton model expectations. Especially the ratios agree surprisingly well in their $Q^2$ dependence with such expectations. An archival-type paper is in preparation. \subsection{Hadrons in the Nuclear Medium} The discovery of the nuclear EMC effect some 25 years ago unambiguously showed the deviation of nuclear structure functions from proton and neutron structure functions. The exact origin of this effect is still not known, but introduced questions concerning the size, shape, and quark structure of individual nucleons in the nuclear medium, one of the key research questions of CEBAF's original scientific mission. We describe three studies that emphasize different aspects of the study of quarks in nuclear physics: is there a nuclear dependence in longitudinal structure functions, can we witness the appearance of QCD dynamics in pion electroproduction, and find the practical limits of a description of nuclei in terms of protons and neutrons. %\subsubsection{Nuclear Dependence of R = $\sigma_L/\sigma_T$ at Low Q$^2$ %--- E99-118} \paragraph{2.3.1 Nuclear Dependence of R and the Longitudinal Structure Function in the Nucleon Resonance Region --- E04-001} There currently exists no data on the nuclear dependence of the L/T separated structure functions in the resonance region. Understanding the structure of nuclei in terms of the constituent nucleons is critical for building the realistic models needed for input to the analysis of both near term (K2K and MINOS) and next generation (JPARC and NUMI O-axis) neutrino oscillation experiments. These new experiments will be measuring on a range of nuclei in a low energy range where conventional nuclear effects such as Fermi motion, binding and off-shell corrections will be important. We are better positioned now than at any previous time to assail this problem in the kinematic range of interest to the new generations of neutrino experiments. The data from E04-001 and E06-009 on nucleons in nuclei which can be used both to determine the most effective nuclear models and also to precisely pin down the vector contributions to inclusive structure functions. The great interest in this data set by the neutrino community is evidenced by the fact that $\approx$ 1/3 of the E04-001 Phase-I data taking shifts were manned by neutrino physicists. Preliminary results for the cross sections have been presented at several international neutrino workshops, including NuFact and NuInt. The early availability of cross section data with estimated systematics at approximately the $5 \%$ level was made possible by the expertise in Hall C inclusive measurements and analysis machinery developed by members of the group. However, reducing the systematics to the sub 2\% level needed for L/T separations requires detailed systematic studies of most detector and beam-line subsystems, as well as improved cross section modeling. Most of the systematic studies have been completed for the low $Q^2$ data set of E04-001 (and the deuterium E02-109), despite the departure of a graduate student (University of Rochester) working on this analysis. A Hampton PhD student (Ya Li) is now finalizing the cross section analysis and has begun analyzing the nuclear dependence of the longitudinal structure function ($F_L^A$) for a signature of the long searched after nuclear pions, which are predicted in the model of Miller~\cite{miller-pions} to significantly enhance $F_L$ in heavy nuclei in the kinematic range covered. %\subsubsection{Pion Transparency --- E01-017} \paragraph{2.3.2 Pion Transparency --- E01-017} The E01-107 experiment in Hall C took data in 2004 and studied the $A(e,e^\prime \pi^+)$ reaction on a variety of nuclear targets: $^1$H, $^2$H, $^{12}$C, $^{27}$Al, Cu, and Au. Data were taken up to a four-momentum transfer squared of $Q^2$ = 4.8 GeV$^2$, and analyzed in terms of nuclear transparencies, the escape probability of the positively-charged pion from the nuclear medium. A rise of the nuclear transparency with $Q^2$ or pion momentum could signal an onset of Color Transparency (CT), expected to occur at large values of $Q^2$ from both perturbative and non-perturbative QCD. Our results are consistent with the predicted early onset of CT in mesons compared to baryons, and suggest a gradual transition to meson production with small inter-quark separation. These results put severe constraints on early models of CT which predict a dramatic transition with a threshold-like behavior. These results were published in Physical Review Letters, and highlighted in Physical Review Focus. The unambiguous observation of the onset of CT uniquely points to the role of color in exclusive high-$Q^2$ processes. Furthermore, it is an effective signature of the approach to the factorization regime in meson electroproduction experiments, necessary for the access to Generalized Parton Distributions. To substantiate this further, we analyzed the $^1$H(e,e$^\prime \pi^+$)n cross sections in combination with the results of the most recent Hall C pion form factor measurements. The $Q^2$-dependence of the longitudinal component was found to be consistent with the $Q^2$-scaling prediction for hard exclusive processes. This suggests that QCD concepts at the root of our access to Generalized Parton Distribution measurements are applicable at rather low values of $Q^2$, consistent with the onset of CT observation in pion production. However, the transverse constributions to the cross section are still significant at $Q^2$ = 3.9 GeV$^2$, whereas the dominance of the longitudinal term is expected at asymptotic (perturbative) $Q^2$. This work was published in Phys. Rev. C. Specialized data sets were added to ensure that the noted rise of nuclear transparencies is indeed due to CT. In particular, the cross checks performed are to (i) verify the longitudinal/transverse character of the cross section, which indeed supports a quasifree reaction mechanism; (ii) verify the transparencies do not depend on the virtual-pion (three-momentum, which could be a signal for increased reaction mechanism effects beyond the quasifree picture; and (iii) verify that the nuclare ratios with medium- to heavy-nuclei, and in general the $A$-dependence of the data, is consistent with a CT interpretation. for the latter, we described the $A$ dependence of the data by a single parameter, $\alpha$. It was found to be consistently larger than the 0.76 found from pion-nucleus total cross section data, {\sl and} rising with $Q^2$, consistent with a CT Ansatz. These results have been submitted for publication in an archival-type paper to Phys. Rev. C. As a byproduct, we have analyzed the $A$ dependence of the kaon electroproduction data accumulated during this experiment. The extracted parameter $\alpha$ for kaon is larger than for pion electroproduction, $\sim$ 0.9, consistent with an effective kaon-nucleon cross section in the nuclear medium of only 10 mB. The latter result is consistent with the small value of the in-medium kaon-nucleon cross section often assumed, but only the first direct experimental measurement. We plan to submit the results for publication to Phys. Rev. C. %\subsubsection{The Limits of the Standard Model of Nuclear Physics --- E03-104} \paragraph{2.3.3 The Limits of the Standard Model of Nuclear Physics --- E03-104} Questions of how and if nucleon structure is modified in-medium, or even if the concept of medium modifications makes sense, is a hotly debated topic in the nuclear physics community. A deviation of the electric and magnetic form factors $G_E$ and $G_M$ of a nucleon immersed in nuclear media from its free space equivalent has been predicted. However, whether this is directly observable in experiment is less clear. We have previously measured a deviation in the ratio of $^4$He($\vec e,e^\prime \vec p$)$^3$H polarization transfer coefficients $P'_x/P'_z$ from the expectation based upon the free form factor ratio $G_E/G_M$. Such polarization transfer ratio is expected, in quasielastic knockout at missing momentum $\sim$ 0, to be especially insensitive to reaction mechanism complications. The E03-104 experiment measured the recoil polatrization in this reaction at $Q^2$ = 0.8 and 1.3 (GeV/c)$^2$ with unprecedented precision, in a region of small missing momentum ($<$ 100 MeV/c). for the first time, the separated polarization transfer coeffcients $P'_x$ and $P'_z$ were compared with state-of-the-art RDWIA calculations (see Figure). Both the coefficients and their precise ratio are found to disagree from relativistic DWIA calculations, and agree both in their actual value and dependence of virtuality of the proton well with expectations based upon predicted medium modifications. But, a calculation including free-space nucleon form factors and a spin-dependent charge exchange mechanism describes the data equally well. A publication will be submitted for publication shortly. A large effort was undertaken to minimize the false aymmetries of the Focal Plan Polarimeter setup, resulting also in precise data for the induced polarization, a direct gauge of reaction mechanism effects. These induced polarization results are now also final, and as it happens lie directly inbetween the reaction mechanism descriptions with and without such spin-dependent charge exchange effects, the latter assuming a missing momentum close to zero. For a better comparison, the latter calculations will hopefully soon be acceptance-averaged. A publication is in progress. \paragraph{2.3.4 The MINER$\nu$A Experiment and Hampton's Role} The MINER$\nu$A experiment consists of a multinational collaboration of over 20 institutions, which have come together to study neutrino interaction cross sections in nuclei to unprecedented accuracy. The study of nucleon structure functions via weak probes is very complementary to the group's JLab program to study the same structure with electromagnetic probes. The Hampton experimental nuclear physics group has a leading role in several areas of the experiment, including construction the scintillator detectors, and design and installation of the cryogenic helium target. These efforts are led by Dr. Eric Christy. The full MINER$\nu$A detector will consist of 108 modules, with each module made up one or two 'inner detector' tracking planes nested inside a hexagonal frame of steel. Each tracking plane consists of 127 nested triangular scintillator strips with optical fiber for light transport to a multi-anode PMT. In addition, the steel frame of each module has slots cut into it, which hold a 'tower' assembly of 4 scintillator bars nested in each of 6 sides of the hexagon. These 'outer detector' towers allow for calorimetry of radial tracks perpendicular to the beam axis. Including all of the modules that will be made during the R\&D phase of the experiment, we will make a total of 248 scintillator planes, 792 scintillator towers, and a total of 132 detector modules. Hampton is one of only two universities that are performing this critical task for this large experiment. Construction of the inner detector planes has been completed and the construction of the outer detector towers is over 85\% complete. Construction of the final towers is scheduled to be completed this calendar year. A photo of a completed inner detector scintillator plane constructed at the Hampton factory is shown in Figure~\ref{hu_min_fact}. Additionally, a MINER$\nu$A 'tracking prototype' detector, consisting of 40 tracking planes, 4 hadronic calorimeter modules, and 144 outer detector towers, was fully instrumented and successfully tested in the NUMI neutrino beam during Spring and Summer of 2009. During this run the first neutrino interaction events were clearly observed, and the collaboration was able to collect tens of thousands of events to study tracking, calorimetry, and calibration techniques for the full detector. Hampton PhD student, Tammy Walton, has been very involved in these efforts and will analyze data from both the tracking prototype and the low energy beam running of the full detector as part of her dissertation research. It is anticipated that Ms. Walton will obtain her Ph.D. in 2011. We foresee to soon add more Ph.D. students to the MINER$\nu$A experiment. \begin{figure}[t] \vspace*{-0.3in} \centering \begin{tabular}{cc} %\epsfig{figure=FIGS/poltrans.eps,width=.40\textwidth,height=.40\textwidth} & %\epsfig{figure=FIGS/minerva-group09-3.eps,width=.55\textwidth,height=.45\textwidth} \end{tabular} \linespread{0.7} \caption{ {\bf Left:} The individual polarization-transfer coefficients, $P'_x$ and $P'_z$, from $^4$He($\vec e,e^\prime \vec p$)$^3$H, and the double-ratio $(P'_x/P'_z)_{He}/(P'_x/P'_z)_H$ versus the missing momentum $p_m$ for $Q^2= 0.8 (GeV/c)^2$. The curves represent PWIA (green), RDWIA calculations (blue), and RDWIA + medium modification calculations (red). {\bf Right:} Completion of the first MINER$\nu$A inner detector tracking plane by the Hampton factory.} \label{hu_min_fact} \end{figure} \subsection{General} {\sl Needs to be rewritten/updated: Thia (this is the old text, need to mention Anusha here)} The group has also been active in work of general interest for Hall C. As a highlight, the systematic studies of beam line and spectrometers required for precision Rosenbluth separations led by this group set the stage for what will be achievable with the planned super high momentum spectrometer for Hall C at 12 GeV, having resulted in a detailed knowledge of spectrometer and detector performances over a period of many years. The group has also investigated possibilities to add a Compton Polarimeter to the Hall C beam line, and is still involved in gamma detection for the final construction of a similar polarimeter. For the E99-118 analysis, significant improvements were made to the previosuly-utilized radiative corrections codes. A general pupose pair symmetric background model code is under development using results from the experiments described here. These general efforts will not be part of this funding proposal, but are clearly of importance. Many of our students have worked on parts of these studies. Lastly, beyond the experiments spokespersoned by the group, the group has collaborated with a large role in five additional JLab experiments: the previously mentioned super-Rosenbluth separation in Hall A; a HU-led (but not by this group) hypernuclear spectroscopy experiment in Hall C; an experiment to investigate spin duality in Hall C; a precision study of the EMC effect in Hall C; and an inclusive nuclear structure function measurement focusing on the $x > 1$ region also in Hall C. %\vfill %\eject \section{New Projects} The past funding cycle saw a major focus of the group's work concentrated on the analysis of a series of JLab experiments, mostly in Hall C, that had just finalized. In addition, two more experiment was executed in the beginning of the past funding cycle. The data analysis for all of these have proceeded to a state where publications have appeared or are forthcoming, with only a few in the final completion state of the analysis. Even these last are anticipated to have final analysis completed within a few months, leading to the graduation of two Hampton Ph.D. students. It stands to reason that an appreciable fraction of our near-term efforts will remain absorbed in bringing all the results of this series of experiments to refereed publications, and that more global studies of the rich data base of unpolarized structure functions of nucleons and nuclei produced with these experiments will be finalized. However, the group has been gearing up to be major players in two near-future experiments, bridging the period until a 12-GeV JLab comes online: the MINER$\nu$A experiment at Fermilab and the OLYMPUS experiment at DESY. We anticipate to have several Ph.D. students on these efforts. We have described some of our efforts for the MINER$\nu$A experiment utilizing nuclear targets before, but will include our efforts to add cryogenic targets as a new project. In addition, we will highlight the progress towards science anc construction of a 12-GeV JLab, and the planned involvement of the group in the OLYMPUS experiment. \subsection{Structure Functions and Form Factors} \paragraph{3.1.1 Parton Distributions at Large $x$ --- MINER$\nu$A} Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) describe the momentum distribution of a parton (quarks and gluons) inside the nucleons as a function of momentum fraction (Bjorken $x$) and momentum transfer square ($Q^2$). The PDFs are essential to calculate much of the Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) observables, such as the total cross sections for W and Z production as "standard-candle" processes for luminosity measurement at the Large Hadron Collider). However, even the most fundamental PDF ratio: the ratio of up to down quark distribution ($d/u$) at large $x$, is not well determined. The usage of the deuterium as an effective neutron target involves quite a variety of complicated (and often large) nuclear corrections at large $x$, whose magnitudes may differ between various theoretical models. Beyond this, it remains questionable how well the charge symmetry assumption inherent in our standard PDf descriptions in the form of $u_p = d_n$ and $d_p = u_n$, is in actuality conserved. %In the very simple quark model with SU(6) favor and spin asymmetry, one would expect that %$d/u$ = 0.5 because there are one d valence quark and two u valence quarks in the proton. %However, a possible suppression of spin-1 spectator diquarks may lead to a ratio %$d/u \approx$ 0 at large $x$. Experiments were proposed at Jlab to measure the $d/u$ ratio at large $x$ with reduced nuclear corrections, {\sl e.g.} based on the spectator tagging method used in the BONUS experiment described above. The ultimate way, however, to avoid any nuclear corrections and charge symmetry assumption is to use only a hydrogen target. This is possible using neutrino beams: While the hydrogen data with the lepton beam only constrain the sum of the contributions from different quark flavors, neutrino and anti-neutrino beam probe four different combinations of the quark distributions and can pin down the valence up and down quark distributions. Especially, in the large $x$ region where the sea quark distribution can be ignored, the DIS neutrino to anti-neutrino cross section ratio is proportional to the $d/u$ ratio at leading order, $d/u = (1-y)2*\nu/{\bar \nu}$, where the kinematic variable $y = (E_\nu - E_\mu) / E_\nu$ depends on the neutrino beam energy and muon energy after charge current exchange. Though the neutrino data involving the weak interaction generally have low statistics, one older WA21 experiment at CERN provides an exception, and the group has been revisiting those old (unpublished) data on the $d/u$ ratio. Unfortunately, the beam quality and knowledge thereof for this older experiment are not great. In addition, the new NUMI neutrino facility at Fermilab delivers a high luminosity neutrino and anti-neutrino beam, several orders of magnitude higher than the previous neutrino experiments (barring WA21). To date, the MINER$\nu$A experiment was proposed to perform statistically-significant measurements with various nuclear targets and a cryogenic helium target. The helium vessel was designed, however, such that it can be also filled with cryogens such as hydrogen. Hence, the addition of hydrogen target to the MINER$\nu$A experiment will be relatively easy and cheap, with the major obstacle the extra safety considerations for the flammable LH2 target. The group has been spearheading the efforts to add cryogenic targets, initially helium-4 and now possibly also hydrogen, to the MINER$\nu$A experiment. The GEANT4 simulation package with the GENIE neutrino event generator, developed by Rutgers University for the MINER$\nu$A experiment, was used and modified to study possible hydrogen measurements of the $d/u$ ratio. The empty target measurement was optimized and included in the statistical estimations. With a total of three years medium energy neutrino or anti-neutrino beam, the hydrogen data will already improve the current understanding of the $d/u$ ratio. The possible use of a high-energy beam flux is able to reduce the statistical uncertainties even more, and extend the $x$ coverage with a total of one year beam time. We consider this a very attractive option, complementary to the foreseen BONUS-type measurements at a 12-GeV JLab. The $d/u$ study in the DIS region, together with the science potential of elastic form factor measurements and quark-hadron duality measurement in the resonance region, was written up in a draft white paper and submitted by this group to the MINER$\nu$A collaboration in June 2009. \paragraph{3.1.2 Two-Photon Exchange Corrections to Structure Functions --- OLYMPUS} \label{sec:OLYMPUS} The OLYMPUS experiment at DESY, Germany~\cite{olympus_proposal}, will perform a direct comparison of positron-proton and electron-proton elastic scattering. This comparions will allow OLYMPUS to precisely determine the extent of which the widely accepted exchange of multiple photons is responsible for the discrepancy in results for the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio between the polarization transfer and cross section methods, as observed at Jefferson Lab~\cite{proton_recoil,proton_rosenbluth_separation}. This experiment has been originally proposed by co-PI Dr.~Kohl and the MIT group, to be carried out at the lepton storage ring DORIS at DESY, Germany. The OLYMPUS experiment makes use of intense ($>$100 mA) stored electron and positron beams in DORIS, an internal unpolarized hydrogen target and the BLAST detector~\cite{hasell} from MIT-Bates, an existing toroidal magnetic spectrometer, to detect the scattered leptons and recoil protons. The deviation of the positron-proton to electron-proton elastic cross section ratio is proportional to the real part of the two-photon exchange amplitude and is expected to amount several percent at large scattering angles, to be measured with better than one percent statistical and systematic uncertainty. Redundant monitoring of the electron and positron luminosities is an essential aspect of OLYMPUS to minimize systematic uncertainties, for which Dr.~Kohl has taken responsibility. The proposed solution requires construction of forward-angle tracking telescopes based on the novel Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology, a project that will be carried out on campus at Hampton University, enabled by NSF research grant No.~0855473. A separate MRI-R$^2$ proposal has been submitted (No.~0959521) to cover the cost for the luminosity monitors. This renewal request will allow to formally include the HU experimental nuclear physics group with co-PIs Drs. Christy, Ent and Keppel, and four graduate students into the OLYMPUS collaboration. Graduate student Ozgur Ates has already been working with Dr.~Kohl on OLYMPUS since summer 2009. He and possibly a second Hampton University graduate student, Jamil Taylor, will pursue their PhD theses on OLYMPUS. Another two graduate students will gain experience in preparing and running of OLYMPUS. As grant No.~0855473 will expire on July 31, 2012, six months prior to the scheduled completion of OLYMPUS, we propose to merge Dr. Kohl's activities with those of the group in the third year of this renewal and to cover the entire OLYMPUS preparation and running period through end of 2012, and subsequent analysis through mid 2013. While the main focus of OLYMPUS is on the ratio of elastic e$^+$p/e$^-$p cross sections, we are particularly interested in the two-photon exchange effect on structure functions in the resonance region. The inelastic region comes ``for free'' thanks to key features of the OLYMPUS experiment design. Pursuing this question is closely connected with the traditional activities of the group in the field of nucleon structure functions. The group's involvement in OLYMPUS will have several functions: \begin{itemize} \item Support Dr. Kohl's effort in establishing the luminosity monitors in construction and testing of the tracking telescopes at HU \item Help organizing, preparing and conducting a test experiment with the luminosity monitors at either the proton test beamline of the HU Proton Therapy Institute (HUPTI) or at Jefferson Lab Hall C \item Provide manpower for cabling, testing, debugging, commissioning and calibration of OLYMPUS at DESY, mostly between fall 2010 and end of 2011 \item Provide manpower for shift taking during production running begin and end of 2012 \item Perform analysis of OLYMPUS data through the end of this renewal period in summer 2013 \end{itemize} A detailed proposal of the OLYMPUS experiment was submitted to DESY in September 2008~\cite{olympus_proposal} and approved by the Physics Research Committee (PRC) for DESY. A Technical Design Report for the OLYMPUS experiment is currently in preparation, a draft is available~\cite{olympus_tdr}, which has also been the basis for the recent favorable technical review of OLYMPUS in September 2009. According to a detailed schedule, the experimental area at DORIS will be cleared from the previous experimental equipment (the ARGUS detector) starting in fall 2009. The BLAST detector will be disassembled at MIT between fall 2009 and spring 2010 and shipped to DESY by summer 2010. Reassembly is planned to be complete by spring 2011, allowing sufficient time for eventual repairs. Note that the main detector will be accessible for assembly during regular lightsource operations at DORIS. In parallel, a new target and target chamber are designed and constructed at MIT. Construction and testing of the luminosity monitors will be completed by end of 2010. During the DORIS winter shutdown 2010/11, the new target and target chamber along with the luminosity monitors will be installed in the interaction region at DORIS. The reassembled main detector will be commissioned with cosmic rays until summer 2011. It will be mounted on rails and is planned to be moved to its final position during the scheduled summer 2011 shutdown. During lightsource operations, the experiment can be tuned with empty target or only little gas flow in the target without affecting the beam lifetime. For a number of shifts, commissioning with full target will be possible at 4.5 GeV beam energy. Finally, production data taking with full target at 2.0 GeV will be carried out for one month beginning of 2012, and for two months at the end of 2012. \paragraph{3.1.3 New measurements of $R_d$ at 11 GeV} Members of the group plane to submit a proposal to measure the L/T separated structure functions on the proton and deuterium for 0.02~$<$~$x_b$~$<$~0.4 and $Q^2$~$<$~1.7~$\rm GeV^2$, utilizing the energy upgraded CEBAF electron beam. These separations of the transverse and longitudinal structure functions will utilize previous precision Hall C cross section measurements for small $\epsilon$ and will utilize the SHMS at small angles to measure the cross sections at the larger $\epsilon$ values at fixed $x_b$ and $Q^2$. Utilizing two beam energies of 8.8 and 6.6 GeV and 32 total spectrometer kinematic settings we will be able to perform a large number precision separations. This will allow for a significant reduction in the uncertainties on the values of $R_d - R_p$ at small $Q^2$, where there is currently a surprising hint that this difference is non-zero, after including the E99-118 results in the World data set. Differences between the longitudinal structure of the proton and deuteron in the perturbative regime at small $x_b$ could signal differences in the gluon content. \paragraph{3.1.4 CTEQ/JLab Collaboration Plans} The results of the first global fit study of parton distributions at large-$x$ performed by the cteqX collaboration show that it is possible to obtain better constrained quark distributions by a combination of theoretical improvements, and an enlarged data set including JLab data. However, significant theoretical uncertainties remain, and further progress in the determination of the behavior of the d-quark distribution and the d/u ratio at large-$x$ requires a better understanding of the theoretical nuclear corrections, and additional experimental data on free nucleon targets. Ideally, one would like to have available data on nucleon targets which would be free of nuclear corrections and which would also constrain the $d$ PDF. This suggests weak interaction processes where one can utilize variations of the flavor changing transition $d \to u W^-$. An example would be the DIS processes $\nu p \to \mu^- +X$ \ and $\bar\nu p \to \mu^+ + X$ which could probe the $d$ \ and $u$ PDFs at large values of $x$, respectively. Unfortunately the WA21 / WA25 experiments have not published their data as either structure functions or cross section, which is required for a global QCD fit. We will investigate to what extent this information can be reconstructed from the published data and used to constrain the $d$ quark. Furthermore, these data have limited statistics in the $x \to 1$ region: a new high statistics experiment on hydrogen would be required, and is pursued by our group. Particularly interesting is DIS on bound neutron targets in deep--inelastic $D(e,e'p)X$ scattering, as in the JLab BONUS experiment, and more generally $A(e,e'(A-1))X$ for light nuclei $A$ such as $^4$He. In these processes the momentum of the scattered bound nucleon can be reconstructed from the tagged proton or $A-1$ remnant system. We will use these process can be used to extrapolate the off-shell nucleon structure functions to their mass-shells, which for the deuteron would be equivalent to DIS on a free neutron target \cite{Sargsian:2005rm}, and use them in the global fits. The BONUS data will also be used to constrain deuteron correction models by confronting the dependence of the structure functions on the off-shell nucleon's virtuality. Furthermore, for $A>2$ one can study the dependence of the proton and neutron structure functions on the nuclear medium in which they are embedded, which will shed light on the origin of the EMC effect. The generalizations of the nuclear corrections methods which are being developed for the global QCD fits will be applied to the analysis of BONUS data on deuteron targets, and to future JLab data on $^4$He targets. Finally, data on the $F_L$ structure function will be used in global fits to constrain the gluon distributions at large $x$. This analysis will require a careful consideration of the difference in TMC schemes, which are much larger than for $F_2$, and in the HT corrections compared to $F_2$. \subsection{Semi-Inclusive Pion Electroproduction} \paragraph{3.2.1 Global Pion Electroproduction Analysis} The E00-108 experiment measured semi-inclusive charged pion electroproduction off hydrogen and deuterium targets with the Hall C coincident magnetic spectrometer setup. Such a setup has advantages and disdavantages: although precision measurements are possible, allowing for precise longitudinal-transverse separation, precision nuclear ratios, and precision charged pion ratios, a magnetic spectrometer setup can not detect neutral pions and does in general not have complete angle coverage. However, the transverse momentum $P_T$ of Eqn. (1) is in general correlated with any cos($\phi$) dependence, complicating the extraction of the exact dependence of the interference structure functions on $P_T$ (and thus, indirectly any signature of quark transverse momentum). A joint analysis of data accumulated with a large-acceptance device such as CLAS (or in the future CLAS12) and the precision cross section measurements and ratios of the HMS-SOS (or in the future HMS-SHMS) setup has many advantages. In addition, to date there is no known empirical model describing pion electroproduction in the resonance region, similar as the efforts of this group on global modeling of inclusive protn and deuteron electron scattering results in the resonance (and DIS) region, described earlier. Obviously, such modeling would also be useful for radiative correction estimates and neutrino interaction modeling. We plan to combine the strength of the CLAS experiments and the E00-108 results as a first step, and then investigate the possibility of global modeling, well before both CLAS12 and HMS-SHMS data will be gathered. \paragraph{3.2.2 R = $\sigma_L/\sigma_T$ in Semi-Inclusive Pion Electroproduction --- E12-06-104} Whereas inclusive scattering can not distinguish between the quark flavor, there is great promise in flavor decompositions of regular parton distributions through semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and of generalized parton distributions through deep exclusive scattering. For the latter, the ratio $R = \sigma_L/\sigma_T$ asymptotically scales like $Q^2$, the four-momentum transfer squared, at fixed Bjorken $x$. For the former, the ratio $R$ is assumed to be similar to that of deep inelastic scattering. Surprisingly, the latter assumption has never been thoroughly checked. Obviously, with less and less energy available to produce mesons, as is the case close to the exclusive limit (where the elasticity $z \rightarrow$ 1), this assumption must locally fail. In fact, the ratio $R$ for semi-inclusive pion electroproduction may at low energies depend on $z$, $Q^2$, or $p_T$, the transverse pion momentum. To measure this behavior, for the first time, is the subject of the approved E12-06-104 JLab 12-GeV proposal. The proposed measurements are both of fundamental and of practical value: They will allow us to study the inclusive-exclusive connection in pion electroproduction, a process where duality has recently been shown to be valid, and are a {\it sine qua non} for the interpretation of flavor decomposition by semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering at a 12-GeV JLab (and other low-energy facilities). \paragraph{3.2.3 Transverse Momentum Dependence of Semi-Inclusive Pion Production --- E12-09-017} Following the interesting hints of the E00-108 experiment, that the measured $P_T$ dependence of semi-inclusive charged pion electroproduction of proton and deuteron targets may shed insight on the transverse momentum of up and down quarks separately, we have proposed the E12-09-017 experiment that was conditionally approved (with a simple condition, to present a joint run plan for this and our E12-06-104 experiment). The E12-09-017 measurements emphasize the low $P_t$ region, of scale $\Lambda$, as one-particle inclusive deep inelastic scattering off polarized and unpolarized nucleons have been the emphasis of recent theory studies. Such cross sections have been decomposed, using tree-level factorization, in terms of transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution and fragmentation functions, for low transverse momentum of the scattered hadron ~\cite{BDGMMS}. Even though the physics proposed here benefits from its companion CLAS12 experimental program, as argued two sections earlier, it can stand on its own (as evidenced by the E00-108 publications). Nonetheless, it is anticipated that the precision ratios will be combined with maps of the azimuthal asymmetries in semi-inclusive electroproduction of pions as approved for the unpolarized hydrogen target (E12-06-112, ``Probing the Proton's Quark Dynamics in Semi-Inclusive Pion Production at 12 GeV'') and envisioned for the unpolarized deuteron target (LOI12-09-004 to PAC-34 emphasizing the deuteron/proton ratios and a complete ($P_t,\phi$) coverage), both with the CLAS12 apparatus. \subsection{Hadrons in the Nuclear Medium} \paragraph{3.3.1 Nuclear Structure Function Ratios and Gluon Distributions} Over the past 20 years several measurements at CERN and Fermilab have firmly established that structure functions in nuclei differ significantly from those in free nucleons. Especially in the region of low values of $x$, the shadowing region, these nuclear modifications are large and increase with decreasing values of $x$, eventually reaching saturation at $x$ values around or below $x \sim 10^{-3}$. While the $x$ dependence of these nuclear ratios is well measured, their $Q^2$ dependence is not understood. The two most precise results are from the NMC collaboration on the $C/D$ and $Sn/C$ ratios, respectively. But, the conclusion from these two measurements are different: while no dependence on $Q^2$ is observed in the $C/D$ ratio, the $Sn/C$ data show a small but significant positive $Q^2$ dependence for $0.01 < x < 0.1$. This positive $Q^2$ dependence has important consequences for nuclear parton distributions and theoretical descriptions of shadowing. Especially the amount of shadowing in the nuclear gluon distribution is very sensitive to the $Q^2$ dependence of $\sigma^A/\sigma^D$. We thus plan to propose to measure the ratio $\sigma^A/\sigma^D$ for various nuclei (C, Ca, Sn and Pb) at $0.01 < x < 0.1$ and at smaller values of $Q^2$ than probed by NMC. This measurement will provide the answer to the question if the $Q^2$ dependence observed for $Sn/C$ is real, and will determine the $A$-dependence of $\sigma^A/\sigma^D$ at low $x$ and $Q^2$. It will also allow to probe the transition from the deep-inelastic regime towards photoproduction measurements. Why hasn't such a measurement been done before ? Most of the attempts were limited by systematic uncertainties in the subtraction of backgrounds from radiative processes. Even though this is especially true at JLab, where at low values of $x$ contributions from these processes are typically several times larger than the signal from deep-inelastic scattering, we believe there remain regions where these contributions can nowadays be well controlled. Such a measurement would have large scientific impact, as at the moment the NMC $Sn/C$ ratio measurements are the only ones that hint at a different gluon distribution in nuclei. \paragraph{3.3.2 The Search for Color Transparency --- E12-06-107} The availability of high-energy beams provides the opportunity to search for the presence of QCD as the ultimate source of the strong interaction. In particular, exclusive and semi-exclusive processes are essential in studies of the role of color in high-momentum transfer processes. This is because manifestation of the underlying quark-gluon degrees of freedom of QCD naturally gives rise to a distinct set of phenomena in exclusive processes on nucleons and nuclei. A popular method, then, used to explore the transition region is to look for the onset of such phenomena. One such fundamental prediction of QCD is the phenomenon of Color Transparency (CT), that refers to the vanishing of the final (and initial) state interactions of hadrons with the nuclear medium in exclusive processes at high momentum transfer. We have proposed to measure the A(e,e'p) proton knockout and the A(e,e'$\pi^+$) pion electroproduction cross sections to extract the proton and the pion nuclear transparencies through the nuclear medium at a 12-GeV JLab. At the very least, the set of proton, pion and, as a by-product, kaon transparencies will provide a set of unique data for nuclear theory calculations to compare with. Given that the CT phenomenon is expected to start at larger energy scales for protons than pions, we have restricted the proton transparency measurements to the $^{12}$C nucleus, extending up to $Q^2$ = 16 (GeV/c)$^2$, double our measured $Q^2$ range in E94-139. The pion ($pi^+$) transparency measurements will be performed on a range of nuclei, and extend our previous measurements up to $Q^2$ = 9.5 (GeV/c)$^2$. The proposed experiment seeks to measure the pion and proton transparencies up to the highest $Q^2$ that can easily be reached at a 12-GeV JLab, using the HMS and SHMS spectrometers. The projected results will further corroborate our positive results of the E01-107 experiment, and provide an effective signature of the approach to a possible factorization regime in pion electroproduction experiments. \paragraph{3.3.3 Disentangling the Nuclear EMC Effect} The modification of quark momentum in the nucleus, the EMC effect, lacks a clear understanding. Fermi-motion and nucleon binding are significant contributions but do not fully explain the depletion of the structure function ratio $F_2^A/F_2^N$ at $x \sim$ 0.6. In collaboration with MIT and the University of Connecticut, we are considering a 12-GeV proposal to reconstruct the complete final state in DIS from nuclei in the Bjorken $x$ region of the EMC effect. To do this, the focus will be on light nuclei, {\sl e.g.} $^3$He and $^4$He, where there is a relatively small but straightforwardly measurable EMC effect and the A-1 nuclear fragments can be detected in specific channels. For example, in DIS from the proton in $^3$He, the $^2$H fragment can recoil coherently and be detected. The current pion and target nucleon resulting from the hard scattering would also be detected. In the case of $^4$He, one could measure scattering from both proton and neutron with recoiling $^3$H and $^3$He, respectively. This would allow measurement of $F_2^n/F_2^p$ for nucleons bound in the $^4$He nucleus. As experimental configuration for such an experiment we envision the CLAS12 spectrometer with the BONUS Radial Time Projection Chamber inserted to detect the low-energy charged fragments. We are in the process to study augmentation of this system with a set of dedicated low-energy ($\sim$ 1 MeV) neutron detectors in the target fragmentation region. This would not only facilitate more complete reconstruction of the debris resulting from the DIS reaction, but would also allow a calibration reaction on a $^2$H gas target. Such low-energy neutron detectors have been developed by one of our MIT collaborators for darm matter search experiments. Gas targets of hydrogen, deuterium, $^3$He and $^4$He would be used. We believe such an experiment to be nicely compatible with our expertise gained by the previous and planned BONUS $F_2^bn/F_2^p$ measurements. We plan to submit a Letter-Of-Intent to the upcoming JLab PAC meeting. \subsection{JLab at 12 GeV \& Beyond} \paragraph{3.3.1 SHMS Wire Chamber Construction} In keeping with the group's leadership role in Hall C standard equipment experiments, the Hampton group has taken on the design and construction of the drift chamber tracking detectors for the new Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS). The SHMS is critical for reaching the higher momenta and smaller angles necessary for the experimental program with an energy upgraded 11 GeV electron beam at JLab. Construction of the detector package for the SHMS is funded by a Collaborative NSF MRI (Dr. Christy, Hampton PI). The design of the SHMS chambers is being performed by Dr. Peter Monaghan under the direction of Dr. Christy. The basic design and construction technique is based on that of previous successful chambers built for the Hall C 6 GeV program, which have been shown to reach the resolutions and particle rate specifications of the SHMS. The nearly finalized mechanical design of the chambers was presented by Dr. Monaghan at the SHMS Detector Final Review held on August 5, 2009 at Jefferson Lab and received a very favorable review. At that time the final dimensions of the individual detector components and frame were frozen. The electrical design details for the chamber will be finished during the remaining months of 2009 and construction is planned to begin in early 2010. Construction and testing of these chambers will provide hardware experience for first year graduate students (Mr. Jamil Taylor and Mr. Ceasar Jackson) and an undergraduate (Mr. Kyle Howard). In addition to chamber construction, Mr. Howard will work on development of the cosmic ray test stand for the SHMS chambers as the subject of his senior thesis. \paragraph{3.3.2 Science Program} Presently, our group members are spokesperson for four approved and conditionally approved 12-GeV experiments (E12-06-104, E12-06-107, E12-06-113 and E12-09-017), all described in more detail before. We furthermore plan to submit two additional proposals within the group focus area of structure function measurements to the upcoming 12-GeV Program Advisory Committee: a measurement of nucleon and nuclear structure functions at low $x$ and $Q^2$, targeting $R_d - R_p$ and $F_2^A/F_2^d$, as described above, and a followup measurement at 12-GeV of our E00-116 experiment. Structure function measurements from E00-116 showed the the discrepancy between duality-averaged resonance region data and parton distribution function-based fits were not a consequence of duality violations but rather of the fact that most pQCD fits are highly unconstrained at large $x$ and intermediate Q$^{2}$. Hence, it makes sense to push such precision proton and deuteron structure function data to the highest $x \sim$ 0.9 accessible at a 12-GeV JLab. Lastly, we plan to submit a LOI to the upcoming JLab PAC to disentangle the nuclear EMC effect in terms of the measured exclusive channels, as described above. Overall, our science planned with a 12-GeV JLab will be a beautiful mix of structure function measurements, semi-inclusive pion electroproduction measurements, and measurements elucidating the behavior of quarks in the nuclear medium, our core science programs. \paragraph{3.3.3 The Electron-Ion Collider Project} Facing beyond the 12-GeV science program, the senior personnel in this group have all been part of the EIC collaborative structure (see http://web.mit.edu/eicc/) since many years. In particular, our group has been heavily involved in the study of longitudinal-transverse separations to constrain nucleon structure functions and nuclear gluon distributions at an EIC (Dr. Keppel and Dr. Ent). In addition, our group has spearheaded measurements using the ion beams as a nuclear medium by doing simulations of parton energy loss and in-medium fragmentation possibilities (Dr. Accardi). This is {\sl e.g.} evidenced by the Hampton group organizing the 4th Electron-Ion Collider workshop in 2008 on Hampton's campus, where we also contributed financially to this organization from our NSF group grant. Hampton also provided free access to its facilities for this workshop organization. \vspace*{-0.2in} \section{Broader Impact} {\sl Needs to be rewritten/updated: Thia --- This is the old text!!!} This project will provide advanced, internationally-competitive, scientific training for African-American students in a field where they are sorely under-represented. According to the recent American Institute of Physics (AIP) manpower survey, African-Americans make up at most 1\% of physics researchers. Additionally, this group has dedicated mentors (of which two are female), and has increased the numbers of women (also grossly under-represented in physics according to AIP) scientists in the past. In 2003, this group ran the first accelerator-based nuclear experiment dominated by women, an effort which attracted wide attention, even from such unlikely sources as {\it Ms. Magazine}. This proposal will assist the numerous communities utilizing parton distribution functions. BONUS, the improved approach to target mass, the new measurements of $F_L$, and generally the proposed global modeling efforts will all facilitate significant reductions in parton distribution uncertainties at large $x$. These uncertainties are seen as a major challenge to a broad swath of current science, including JLab experiments, neutrino oscillation experiments, and even to aspects of the Large Hadron Collider program at CERN. For the precise interpretation of the upcoming generation of neutrino oscillation experiments understanding the low $Q^2$ {\sl nuclear} response is also important. While our efforts for the MINER$\nu$A experiment itself are broadly aimed at understanding nucleon structure in the nuclear medium, cross section results from this experiment are also expected to play a major role in reducing uncertainties in MINOS and other oscillation experiments. Similarly, our low-$Q^2$ E04-001 results found direct application for KEK experiments. Finally, we note that the new Hampton University medical physics graduate program, the first nationally at an historically black college and the first at all in the State of Virginia, grew from an extension of Dr. Keppel's particle detection work supported by previous experimental nuclear physics research to a dedicated, on campus, nuclear medicine technology development center. Hampton University has announced plans to establish the Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute, a \$186M cyclotron center, stating clearly that this is possible in part due to the existence and expertise found locally at JLab and internally with both the nuclear experimental group and the medical instrumentation center. %\vspace*{-0.2in} %\section{Review Criteria} %\begin{enumerate} %\item{Experiments E03-012, E04-001, E06-009, and E03-104 will be analyzed %to completion and publication.} %\item{The gluon distribution at large $x$ will have been improved from the %HU-led experiments (E94-110, E02-109, E06-009).} %\item{Ibrahim Albayrak will receive his doctoral degree, and thesis projects %will be ongoing for at least three more Ph.D. students.} %\item{The HU-led construction responsibilities for the MINER$\nu$A experiment %will be completed.} %\item{This group will have a leading role in further definition of the %(Hall-C specific) equipment and (general) science case for the JLab 12-GeV %Upgrade.} %\end{enumerate} \vfill \eject \begin{thebibliography}{99} \bibitem{AQ} A.~Accardi and J.~W.~Qiu, JHEP {\bf 07} (2008) 090. % [arXiv:0805.1496 [hep-ph]]. %%CITATION = ARXIV:0805.1496;%% \bibitem{AM} A.~Accardi and W.~Melnitchouk, Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 670}, 114 (2008). % [arXiv:0808.2397 [hep-ph]]. %%CITATION = PHLTA,B670,114;%% \bibitem{AHM} %\bibitem{Accardi:2009md} A.~Accardi, T.~Hobbs and W.~Melnitchouk, %``Hadron mass corrections in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering,'' arXiv:0907.2395 [hep-ph]. %%CITATION = ARXIV:0907.2395;%% \bibitem{Sargsian:2005rm} M.~Sargsian and M.~Strikman, %``Model independent method for determination of the DIS structure of free %neutron,'' Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 639}, 223 (2006) [arXiv:hep-ph/0511054]. %%CITATION = PHLTA,B639,223;%% \bibitem{close-isgur} F.E. 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